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ampersand ('&') from
'et' (Latin)
meaning 'and' =svenskans 'och'
| No/Nr | Abbreviation | short for - förkortning av | förklaring-explanation, misc-övr |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | A.B. /B.A. | ['bi:ei] Bachelor of Art | motsv. ung fil. kand., filosofie kandidat, traditionellt att anse som en "allmän grundexamen" vid ett svenskt universitet, omfattande 120 poäng, normalt tre års heltidsstudier med normal studiegång fullföljd |
| 4 | A.D. | ['ei 'di:] [ej'di:] | anno Domini, Latin under (i) Herrens år / e. Kr. |
| 5 | A.M. | Master of Arts (M.A.) | motsv. ung. fil. mag., filosofie magister (filosofisk ämbetsexamen, även statsvetenskaplig examen), var tidigare ett av kraven för att få undervisa på univ (i bl.a. U.S.A.) |
| 2 | abbr, Abbr., short for, short | abbreviation, abbreviated | förkortning, förkortad/-t |
| 6 | am , a.m.[ei em] | in the morning |
ante meridiem, Latin - på morgonen, förmiddagen, från kl 24:00 fram till kl 12:00 - [am, a.m.= Think After Midnight, = am] påföljande/efterföljande |
| 72 | ARP | Address Resolution Protocol | en TCP/IP-process som översätter IP-adresser till Ethernetadresser vilket är ett naturligt krav för att TCP/IP skall kunna fungera med Ethernet |
| 73 | AWC | Association for Women in Computing | en stor organisation för kvinnor verksamma inom datorbranschen eller i datorrelaterad verksamhet |
| 68 | B, b | byte/baud, överföringshastighet (bitar per sekund i digital miljö) mellan datorer, eller mellan dator och kringutrustning | byte är oftast en grupp av 8 binära tecken, bitar (bits), 1 Kbyte= 1024 byte eller 2 upphöjt till 10, en 'byte' oftast motsv ett tecken, 'byte' har med lagring att göra och 'baud' har med kommunikation att göra |
| 7 | b., b | born | född, föddes |
| 8 | B.C.['bi: 'si:] | before Christ | f. Kr. / före Kristus |
| 70 | bps | bits per second | bit per sekund, basenhet för överföringshastighet, i digitala sammanhang förekommer även 'baud' |
| 67 | BSD | popular version of UNIX | en populärversion av operativsystemet (OS) UNIX som har specificerats av Berkeleyuniversitetet i Kalifornien (California) som ligger "på andra sidan Oakland-Bay Bridge från San Francisco" (öster S.F.) |
| 69 | C | strukturerat programmeringsspråk, från början utvecklat ihop med UNIX | C är sedan många år ett av de populäraste programmeringsspråken med bra definition och ett fåtal hinder för programmeraren, C++ kommer mer & mer |
| 11 | c. &f. | Cost and freight | sjöfrakt och alla kostnader tillfartyg betalas och bekostas av säljaren |
| 13 | c. &i. | Cost and insurance | frakten bekostas av köparen |
| 9 | c., ca., ca | about | cirka |
| 14 | C.O.D. | Cash on delivery | Betalas vid ankomst/leverans(efterkrav, postförskott) |
| 65 | CAD | Computer Aided Design | datorstödd konstruktion, där ritningar och beräkningar för en produkt har gjorts med hjälp av dator |
| 66 | CAM | Computer Aided Manufacturing | datorstödd tillverkning, dator/-er styr tillverkningen eller en tillverkningsprocess |
| 10 | cf.[kån'fö:], [kåm'pärd], [kåm'päöd] | compare | jfr, jämför confer, Latin |
| 12 | ch., ch | chapter, chapters | kapitel, kapitlen |
| 64 | CIM | Computer Integrated Manufacturing | datorintegrerad tillverkning, tillverkningsprocessen har integrerats från konstruktion (CAD) ända ut till produktion (CAM) |
| 15 | Col. | Colonel (military rank) | överste (mil grad) |
| 16 | cp.[kom'pä:r], [kom'päö] | compare | jämför, jfr |
| 17 | d., d | died | död, dog, avled/avliden |
| 18 | dept. -dept | department, English Dept., Justice Department, a department store | avdelning |
| 19 | do.['ditöu] | dito, detsamma, likadan | ditto |
| 20 | doz.['dAzön] | dussin (12 st) | dozen (12 ea.) |
| 21 | dpd. | Franco domicile | duty paid/payed delivered=säljaren bekostar och ordnar allt (oftast om paket endast) |
| 22 | E. ,E | East, English= engelsk, -t | East= öst, öster (östra= eastern), österut= eastward(eastbound= med riktning/destination österut), the East= Österlandet (theOrient), Östersjön= the Baltic (the Baltic Sea) |
| 23 | e.g. ,eg | for example | t.ex. /till exempel / t ex exempli gratia, Latin |
| 24 | etc.[it'setrö], [it'setrA] | osv. / mm / m.m. | et cetera, Latin |
| 27 | fas. (fad. = Free at docks) | Free alongside (ship) | Hamn-& lastningskostnader, sjöfrakt, försäkringar och leverans/utkörning samtimportskatter/-kostnader bekostas av köparen |
| 28 | ff, ff. | and the following pages | och följande sidor |
| 29 | fig.,fig | figure | figur, siffra |
| 30 | for. | Free on rail | säljaren bekostar och ordnar med leverans till terminal |
| 31 | fot. | Free on truck | säljaren bekostar och ordnar med leverans till terminal |
| 32 | ft., ft | foot -feet /12 inches= 1 foot, foot - feet (3 ft= 1 yard) | fot (= 0,3043 m) = 12 tum |
| 25 | G,. G | German | tysk, -t, -a |
| 26 | Gk= Greek | grekisk, grek |
|
| 34 | h.p. / hp | horse-power | hästkraft, hästkrafter |
| 33 | hr. / hrs. | hour - hours | timma /-r, timme |
| 36 | i.e. | that is | id est, Latin dvs/ d.v.s. = det vill säga |
| 39 | I.Q. | Intelligence Quotient | intelligenskvot,"intelligensnivå" |
| 35 | ibid. /id. | the same | samma |
| 38 | in., (") | inch/ inches, 12"= 1 foot, there are twelve inches to a foot ( " = inch & ' = foot) | tum (= 2,54 cm eller 25,4 mm), ofta förkortat i form av citationstecknet (") och observera att tecknet (') = foot/ ft |
| 40 | L=Latin, LL= Late Latin | Latin, Late Latin | latin, latinsk, -t |
| 41 | lb., lbs.= pound, -s | 0,453 kilo / 453 grams |
|
| 42 | LG | Low German | lågtysk, från del av Tyskland |
| 43 | m. | meter (metre), married | meter, gift |
| 44 | mdse. | merchandise | varor, handelsvara/ -or |
| 45 | Messrs. | plural of Mr. | "herrarna" i en firma(f:a-beteckning etc) |
| 46 | mgr. /mgr /Mgr | manager | föreståndare, chef |
| 50 | Miss | fröken (ogift kvinna), även om'skolfröken' | tilltalalsord för lärarinna='fröken' |
| 47 | Mr. / Mr | Mister | herr, men också om 'magistern' =läraren (han), 'mister' kan varaohövligt, provocerande och ibland nedlåtande. Kom ihåg att använda 'sir' vidartighet/hövlighet |
| 48 | Mrs. /Mrs | fru |
|
| 49 | N.T. | New Testament | Nya testamentet, del av Bibeln |
| 53 | no., /No/ nos | number, numbers | nummer, OBS! att det skrivs medstort N vid förkortning (-No 10,No 14 etc) |
| 51 | OE | old English | gammalengelska,forntida-medeltida engelska |
| 52 | OF | old French | gammalfranska |
| 54 | p., pp. | page, pages | sida, sidan, sidor, sidorna |
| 57 | P.T.O. | Please turn over | V.g. vänd, vända blad, vändsidan , bläddra till nästa sida etc. |
| 55 | pm, p.m. | e.m., em, eftermiddag, kväll, påeftermiddagen, på kvällen | eftermiddag & kväll, från kl12:00 middagstid till kl 24:00 |
| 56 | pt., pt | part | del, en del, delen |
| 58 | R.N. | Registered Nurse |
|
| 59 | R.S.V.P | Please reply. | Vänligen svara/besvaravänligen/ Svar önskas! |
| 60 | S., S | South (that train is goingsouth, it's a southbound train), the South= a region in southern U.S., inclwhat used to be called "the deep South" around the MississippiRiver area | söder, syd (södra= southern) |
| 61 | s.q., | square | kvadrat, fyrkant, ruta, torg,kantig, traditionsbunden och "ordentlig" mm |
| 62 | viz. | namely | = nämligen, videlicet,Latin |
| 63 | Xmas= Christmas | jul, -en, julhelg, -en | from Christ= Kristus |
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& & & & & & There's a lot about a little tiny character like this one |
|
The ampersand ("&") actually began in the days of handwritten manuscripts as a ligature of the Latin word "et" (meaning "and") and the letter "s" (which then often took a form resembling an "f").
Writing books by hand was a painstaking process, and so ligatures were often used to save time and effort (not to mention valuable
In modern typography, many of these old ligatures have largely
fallen out of use, at least partly because they make it more difficult
to divide words between lines. Some publishers still use certain
vowel ligatures (such as "æ") for stylistic effect, since English
words aren't generally divided between vowel combinations of this
sort; this practice, however, is increasingly rare. The ampersand,
on the other hand, is still quite widely used in certain contexts
(such as business names and informal writing), perhaps due to the
fact that it still saves significant space and effort, even by modern standards (whereas a ligature such as "æ" barely saves space, and often requires more effort to reproduce on today's keyboards than the simple letter sequence "ae"). It's also exempt from the end-of-line division problem, since the monosyllabic "and" is virtually never broken at the end of a line anyway.
//Courtesy of Merriam-Webster Merriam-Webster, Inc. E-mail: kwilkinson@Merriam-Webster.com http://www.Merriam-Webster.com http://www.WordCentral.comin response to inquiry from Swengelsk, KB |
Common Proofreading Abbreviations
(The abbreviation would appear in the margin,probably with a line or arrow pointing to the offending element.)
| Abbreviation | Meaning | Example |
| Ab | a faulty abbreviation | She had earned a Phd along with her M.D. |
|
Agr See also P/A and S/V |
agreement problem: subject/verb or pronoun/antecedent |
The piano as well as the guitar need tuning. The student lost their book. |
| Awk | awkward expression or construction |
The storm had the effect of causing millions of dollars in damage. |
| Cap | faulty capitalization | We spent the Fall in Southern spain. |
| CS | comma splice | Raoul tried his best, this time that wasn't good enough |
| DICT | faulty diction | Due to the fact that we were wondering as to whether it would rain, we stayed home. |
| Dgl | dangling construction | Working harder than ever, this job proved to be too much for him to handle. |
| - ed | problem with final -ed |
Last summer he walk all the way to Birmingham. |
| Frag | fragment |
Depending on the amount of snow we get this winter and whether the towns buy new trucks. |
| | | | problem in parallel form | My income is bigger than my wife. |
| P/A |
pronoun/antecedent agreement |
A student in accounting would be wise to see their advisor this month. |
| Pron | problem with pronoun | My aunt and my mother have wrecked her car The committee has lost their chance to change things. You'll have to do this on one's own time. |
| Rep | unnecessary repetition | The car was blue in color. |
| R-O | run-on sentence | Raoul tried his best this time that wasn't good enough. |
| Sp | spelling error | This sentence is flaude with two mispellings. |
| - s | problem with final -s | He wonder what these teacher think of him. |
| STET | Let it stand | The proofreader uses this Latin term to indicate that proofreading marks calling for a change should be ignored and the text as originally written should be "let stand." |
| S/V | subject/verb agreement | The problem with these cities are leadership. |
| T | verb tense problem | He comes into the room, and he pulled his gun. |
| Wdy | wordy | Seldom have we perused a document so verbose, so ostentatious in phrasing, so burdened with too many words. |
| WW | wrong word | What affect did the movie have on Sheila? She tried to hard to analyze its conclusion. |
Abbreviations.com
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